UPS efficiency is based on how much of the original incoming power is needed to operate the UPS. For example, an uninterruptible power supply with a 95% efficiency rating will have 95% of the original input powering the load and connected systems, with the remaining 5% energy “wasted” running the UPS.
For a UPS, higher efficiency equates to lower losses of electrical energy in terms of heat output – low efficiency UPS often require more air conditioning to help keep ambient temperatures safe.
Even a 1% or 2% improvement in operating efficiency can add to up substantial energy costs over the full service life of a UPS (i.e. approximately 10-15 years), particularly for larger systems with higher power ratings.
However, in any discussion about UPS efficiency, it’s worth keeping two things in mind:
- Different UPS systems have different efficiencies
- The same UPS has different efficiency depending on the load level.
How Does The Load Affect UPS Efficiency?
The efficiency ratings that UPS manufacturers publish are based on running in online operating mode with a 100% fully-rated load. But as the load reduces, so too does UPS efficiency. As an example, a UPS running at 20-25% load may only be capable of 85% efficiency.
Efficiency is particularly important with parallel-redundant installations, as any inefficiencies arising from individual UPSs that are under-loaded will be exacerbated at scale. This can be a major issue with many legacy installations, where UPS often run at less than 50% of their rated capacity.
In general, UPS efficiency has improved significantly over recent years thanks to a series of technological advances, principally the development of transformerless UPS systems like Riello UPS's Sentryum, Multi Sentry, and NextEnergy ranges.
The difference in operating efficiency between modern transformer-free UPS and the older transformer-based UPS designs can be as much as 5-6%, although this divergence is less for the latest transformer-based models.
Transformerless UPS have a flatter efficiency curve too, meaning that many versions can achieve high efficiency (>95%) at 25% load all the way through to full load.
Riello UPS rates all our solutions according to their efficiency using the Eco Energy Level tool
How Does ECO Operating Mode Impact UPS Efficiency?
Running the UPS in its dedicated energy-saving mode, commonly known as ECO mode, can boost efficiency to 98-99%. It achieves this by in effect operating as a line-interactive UPS, so the load is powered by the bypass line with the inverter inactive but ready to take over if there’s mains supply failure or fluctuation.
But while efficiency improves running in ECO mode, it can affect reliability and so should only be used sparingly. An appropriate example would be overnight or out of hours when critical loads are inactive.
Smart Active operating mode can also help enhance UPS efficiency. With this functionality, the UPS automatically decides whether to run in full online mode or ECO mode depending on the stability of the incoming mains supply.